Pass Your CWNP CWNA-109 Exam with Correct 127 Questions and Answers
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CWNP CWNA-109 Exam Syllabus Topics:
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NEW QUESTION # 71
You are evaluating access points for use in the 5 GHz frequency band. What PHY supports this band and supports 80 MHz channels?
- A. HT
- B. ERP
- C. VHT
- D. OFDM
Answer: C
Explanation:
VHT stands for Very High Throughput, which is a physical layer (PHY) specification that supports the 5 GHz frequency band and supports 80 MHz channels. VHT is used by the IEEE 802.11ac standard, which is also known as Wi-Fi 5. VHT allows for higher data rates and more spatial streams than the previous HT (High Throughput) PHY, which is used by the IEEE 802.11n standard, also known as Wi-Fi 4. HT supports the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, but only supports up to 40 MHz channels12 The other options are not correct because:
* ERP (option C) stands for Extended Rate PHY, which is a physical layer specification that supports the
2.4 GHz frequency band and supports up to 20 MHz channels. ERP is used by the IEEE 802.11g standard, which is also known as Wi-Fi 3. ERP allows for higher data rates than the previous DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) PHY, which is used by the IEEE 802.11b standard, also known as Wi-Fi 234
* OFDM (option D) stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, which is a modulation technique that divides a signal into multiple subcarriers that are spaced orthogonally to each other.
OFDM is not a physical layer specification, but a common feature of many PHY specifications, including ERP, HT, and VHT. OFDM allows for higher spectral efficiency and robustness against multipath interference than the previous CCK (Complementary Code Keying) modulation technique used by DSSS34
NEW QUESTION # 72
An IEEE 802.11 amendment is in the daft state. What impact does this draft amendment have on the 802.11 standard?
- A. No impact: Draft amendments do not become part of the standard until a working group is formed.
- B. Devices will be released based on the draft amendment and the draft amendment features are part of the standard.
- C. No impact: Until an amendment is ratified, it does not become part of the standard.
- D. The standard is changed to reflect the new capabilities as soon as an amendment enters the draft stage.
Answer: C
Explanation:
An IEEE 802.11 amendment is a proposed change or addition to the existing 802.11 standard, which defines the specifications and protocols for wireless LANs. An amendment goes through several stages of development, such as draft, sponsor ballot, and final approval, before it is ratified by the IEEE Standards Association and becomes part of the standard. Until then, it has no official impact on the standard, although some vendors may release products based on draft amendments to gain a competitive edge or to influence the final outcome of the amendment . References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals, page 25; [CWNA-109Study Guide], Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals, page 23; [IEEE website], IEEE-SA Standards Development Process.
NEW QUESTION # 73
A client complains of low data rates on his computer. When you evaluate the situation, you see that the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11 ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. What is the likely cause of the low data rate issue?
- A. CAT5e cabling run to the AP
- B. Weak signal strength
- C. Lack of support for 802.11n
- D. Too few spatial streams
Answer: B
Explanation:
Weak signal strength is the likely cause of the low data rate issue for the client that has a signal strength of
-84 dBm and a noise floor of -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. Signal strength is the measure of how strong the RF signal is at the receiver. Signal strength can affect the reliability and performance of the wireless connection, as well as the data rate and throughput of the traffic. The higher the signal strength, the better the signal quality and the higher the data rate. The lower the signal strength, the worse the signal quality and the lower the data rate.
The data rate of an 802.11ac connection depends on several factors, such as channel bandwidth, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), spatial streams, guard interval, and beamforming. However, these factors are also influenced by the signal strength, as they require a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to operate properly.
SNR is the ratio of the signal strength to the noise floor, which is the measure of the background noise or interference in the RF environment. The higher the SNR, the more robust and efficient the communication.
The lower the SNR, the more prone and vulnerable to errors and retries.
According to the CWNA Official Study Guide , Table 3.7, page 112, an 802.11ac connection with a channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, an MCS of 9, two spatial streams, a short guard interval, and no beamforming can achieve a maximum data rate of 867 Mbps. However, this data rate requires a minimum SNR of 30 dB to maintain a sufficient signal quality. If the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm, then the SNR is only 12 dB (-84 dBm - (-96 dBm) = 12 dB), which is far below the required SNR for this data rate.
Therefore, the data rate will drop significantly to match the lower SNR and signal quality.
To solve this problem, the signal strength should be increased to improve the SNR and data rate. This can be done by adjusting the output power or channel assignment of the AP or client, relocating or reorienting some APs or antennas to reduce attenuation or interference, updating or replacing some faulty or outdated hardware or software components, etc. References: , Chapter 3, page 112; , Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 74
Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of the power is being reflected back toward the transmitter. What will cause high return loss in an RF transmission system, including the radio, cables, connectors and antenna?
- A. A significant impedance mismatch between components in the RF system
- B. A Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of 1:1
- C. High output power at the transmitter and use of a low-gain antenna
- D. The use of 50 ohm cables longer than one meter in the RF system
Answer: A
Explanation:
Return loss is a measure of how well the components of an RF system are matched in terms of their impedance. Impedance is the opposition to the flow of alternating current in a circuit, and it depends on the frequency, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the components. When the impedance of the source, the transmission line, and the load are not equal, some of the power is reflected back to the source, causing a loss of forward power. This loss is expressed in decibels (dB) as return loss. The higher the return loss, the lower the reflection and the better the impedance matching. Conversely, the lower the return loss, the higher the reflection and the worse the impedance matching.
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is another way of expressing the same concept. It is the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage along a transmission line due to the interference of the incident and reflected waves. A VSWR of 1:1 means that there is no reflection and perfect impedance matching. A VSWR higher than 1:1 means that there is some reflection and impedance mismatch. The higher the VSWR, the higher the reflection and the lower the return loss.
Therefore, a significant impedance mismatch between components in an RF system will cause high reflection, high VSWR, and low return loss.
NEW QUESTION # 75
What is the final step in an effective troubleshooting process?
- A. Notify the users of problem resolution
- B. Disable the WLAN
- C. Document the results
- D. Verify the solution
Answer: C
Explanation:
The final step in an effective troubleshooting process is to document the results. Documentation is essential for keeping track of the problem history, the actions taken, the solutions implemented, and the outcomes achieved. Documentation can also help to prevent future problems, improve best practices, and provide feedback for improvement. Documentation should include relevant information such as problem description, symptoms, root cause analysis, resolution steps, verification methods, and lessons learned. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-
109], page 513; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-
109], page 483.
NEW QUESTION # 76
What is an advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a security solution for 802.11 networks?
- A. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses AES for encryption and WPA2-Personal does not
- B. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger authentication exchange to better secure the network
- C. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses an authentication exchange and WPA2-Personal does not
- D. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a better encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal
Answer: B
Explanation:
An advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a security solution for 802.11 networks is that WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger authentication exchange to better secure the network. WPA3-Personal uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) as the key exchange protocol, which provides stronger protection against offline dictionary attacks and password guessing than WPA2-Personal. SAE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to establish a pairwise master key (PMK) between the AP and the client without revealing it to any eavesdropper. SAE also provides forward secrecy, which means that if one PMK is compromised, it does not affect the security of other PMKs. WPA2-Personal uses Pre-Shared Key (PSK) as the key exchangeprotocol, which is vulnerable to offline brute-force attacks if the passphrase is weak or leaked. Both WPA3-Personal and WPA2-Personal use AES for encryption, so there is no difference in that aspect. WPA3-Personal does not use a different encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal, but rather a different key exchange protocol. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 307; [CWNA:
Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 297.
NEW QUESTION # 77
You were previously onsite at XYZ's facility to conduct a pre-deployment RF site survey. The WLAN has been deployed according to your recommendations and you are onsite again to perform a post-deployment validation survey.
When performing this type of post-deployment RF site survey voice over Wi-Fi, what is an action that must be performed?
- A. Application analysis with an active phone call on an VoWiFi handset.
- B. Frequency-band hopping analysis to detect improper RF channel implementations.
- C. Protocol analysis to discover channel use on neighboring APs.
- D. Spectrum analysis to locate and identify RF interference sources.
Answer: A
Explanation:
When performing a post-deployment validation survey for voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi), an action that must be performed is Application analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset. Application analysis is a method of testing the performance of a specific application over the WLAN by measuring parameters such as throughput, latency, jitter, packet loss, MOS score, and R-value. Application analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset can help to evaluate the quality of service (QoS) and user experience of VoWiFi calls over the WLAN. It can also help to identify any issues or bottlenecks that may affect VoWiFi calls such as interference, roaming delays, or insufficient coverage. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 549; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 519.
NEW QUESTION # 78
You are the network administrator for ABC Company. Your manager has recently attended a wireless security seminar. The seminar speaker taught that a wireless network could be hidden from potential intruders if you disabled the broadcasting of the SSID in Beacons and configured the access points not to respond to Probe Request frames that have a null SSID field.
Your manager suggests implementing these security practices. What response should you give to this suggestion?
- A. To improve security by hiding the SSID, the AP and client stations must both be configured to remove the SSID from association request and response frames. Most WLAN products support this.
- B. This security practice prevents manufacturers' client utilities from detecting the SSID. As a result, the SSID cannot be obtained by attackers, except through social engineering, guessing, or use of a WIPS.
- C. Any tenants in the same building using advanced penetration testing tools will be able to obtain the SSID by exploiting WPA EAPOL-Key exchanges. This poses an additional risk of exposing the WPA key.
- D. Any 802.11 protocol analyzer can see the SSID in clear text in frames other than Beacons frames. This negates any security benefit of trying to hide the SSID in Beacons and Probe Response frames.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The response that you should give to your manager's suggestion of implementing the security practices of disabling the broadcasting of the SSID in Beacons and configuring the access points not to respond to Probe Request frames that have a null SSID field is that any 802.11 protocol analyzer can see the SSID in clear text in frames other than Beacons frames. This negates any security benefit of trying to hide the SSID in Beacons and Probe Response frames. The SSID (Service Set Identifier) is a human-readable name that identifies a WLAN and allows users to connect to it. The SSID is transmitted in clear text in several types of 802.11 frames, such as Beacon frames, Probe Request frames, Probe Response frames, Association Request frames, Association Response frames, Reassociation Request frames, and Reassociation Response frames. Some people may think that hiding the SSID can improve the security of the WLAN by making it invisible to potential intruders. However, this is not true, as hiding the SSID only removes it from Beacon frames and Probe Response frames that have a null SSID field. The SSID is still present in other types of frames that can be easily captured and analyzed by any 802.11 protocol analyzer or wireless scanner tool. Therefore, hiding the SSID does not provide any real security benefit and may even cause some compatibility and performance issues for legitimate users. References: 1, Chapter 4, page 133; 2, Section 4.1
NEW QUESTION # 79
What can cause excessive VSWR in RF cables used to connect a radio to an antenna?
- A. High gain yagi antenna
- B. Radio output power above 100 mW but below 400 mw
- C. Impedance mismatch
- D. High gain parabolic dish antenna
Answer: C
Explanation:
Impedance is the measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in a circuit. Impedance mismatch occurs when the impedance of the radio does not match the impedance of the antenna or the cable.
This causes some of the transmitted or received signal to be reflected back, resulting in a loss of power and efficiency. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a metric that indicates the amount of impedance mismatch in a transmission line. A higher VSWR means a higher impedance mismatch and a lower signal quality. A VSWR of 1:1 is ideal, meaning there is no impedance mismatch and no reflected power. A VSWR of 2:1 means that for every 2 units of forward power, there is 1 unit of reflected power12.
The other options are not correct because they do not affect the VSWR in RF cables. A high gain yagi antenna or a high gain parabolic dish antenna can increase the signal strength and directionality, but they do not cause impedance mismatch in the cable. Radio output power above 100 mW but below 400 mW is within the acceptable range for most WLAN devices and does not cause excessive VSWR in the cable3.: 1: CWNA-109 Official Study Guide, page 77 2: VSWR 3: CWNA-109 Official Study Guide, page 81
NEW QUESTION # 80
The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using which other 802.11 physical layer specifications (PHYs)?
- A. ERP-PBCC
- B. HR/DSSS
- C. DSSS-OFDM
- D. OFDM
Answer: D
Explanation:
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the physical layer specification (PHY) that VHT capable devices must be backward compatible with according to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. VHT (Very High Throughput) is aPHY and MAC enhancement that is defined in the IEEE 802.11ac amendment and is also known as Wi-Fi 5. VHT operates only in the 5 GHz band and uses features such as wider channel bandwidths (up to 160 MHz), higher modulation schemes (up to 256-QAM), more spatial streams (up to eight), multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), beamforming, and VHT PHY and MAC enhancements. VHT can achieve data rates up to 6.9 Gbps.
According to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard, VHT capable devices must be backward compatible with devices using OFDM PHY, which is defined in the IEEE 802.11a amendment and is also used by IEEE
802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.11h amendments. OFDM operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and uses features such as subcarriers, symbols, guard intervals, and OFDM PHY and MAC enhancements. OFDM can achieve data rates up to 54 Mbps.
Backward compatibility means that VHT capable devices can interoperate with OFDM devices on the same network by using common features and parameters that are supported by both PHYs. For example, VHT capable devices can use a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz, a modulation scheme of BPSK, QPSK, or 16-QAM, one spatial stream, no beamforming, and OFDM PHY and MAC headers when communicating with OFDM devices. Backward compatibility also means that VHT capable devices can fall back to OFDMmode when the signal quality or SNR is too low for VHT mode. References: 1, Chapter 3, page 123; 2, Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 81
You are a small business wireless network consultant and provide WLAN services for various companies. You receive a call from one of your customers stating that their laptop computers suddenly started experiencing much slower data transfers while connected to the WLAN. This company is located in a multi-tenant office building and the WLAN was designed to support laptops, tablets and mobile phones. What could cause a sudden change in performance for the laptop computers?
- A. The sky was not as cloudy that day as it typically is and the sun also radiates electromagnetic waves.
- B. The antennas in the laptops have been repositioned.
- C. A few of your customer's users have Bluetooth enabled wireless headsets.
- D. A new tenant in the building has set their AP to the same RF channel that your customer is using.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A possible cause of a sudden change in performance for the laptop computers is that a new tenant in the building has set their AP to the same RF channel that your customer is using. This can create co-channel interference (CCI), which is a situation where two or more APs or devices use the same or overlapping channels in the same area. CCI can degrade the performance of WLANs by increasing contention, collisions, retransmissions, and latency. CCI can also reduce the effective range and throughput of WLANs by lowering the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To avoid or mitigate CCI, it is recommended to use non-overlapping channels, adjust transmit power levels, or implement channel management techniques such as dynamic frequency selection (DFS) or load balancing. The sky condition, antenna position, or Bluetooth headset are not likely to cause a sudden change in performance for the laptop computers. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 81; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 71.
NEW QUESTION # 82
What best describes WPA2 in relation to 802.11 wireless networks?
- A. WPA2 is specified in the 802.11 standard as implementing CCMP/AES.
- B. WPA2 is the standard that defines security for WLANs.
- C. WPA2 is the second version of WPA and it enhances security through the use of TKIP instead of WEP.
- D. WPA2 is a certification created by the Wi-Fi Alliance that validates devices correctly implement CCMP/ AES.
Answer: D
Explanation:
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a security certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. It is important to understand the following:
* WPA2 and the 802.11 Standard: While WPA2 is based on elements of the 802.11i amendment to the
802.11 standard, it is not itself a standard but rather a certification to ensure devices comply with certain security criteria, including the correct implementation of CCMP (Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).
* CCMP/AES Implementation: WPA2 enhances the security of wireless networks by using CCMP for encryption, which is based on AES, a robust encryption algorithm. This represents a significant security improvement over WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) that used TKIP
* (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol).
* WPA vs. WPA2: WPA was the interim security enhancement over WEP, utilizing TKIP for encryption.
WPA2, however, moved to the more secure AES-based encryption method. Contrary to option C, WPA2 does not enhance security by using TKIP; it uses CCMP/AES.
Therefore, option B correctly describes WPA2 as a certification program ensuring devices properly implement the more secure CCMP/AES encryption methods.
References:
* Wi-Fi Alliance website for WPA2 certification details.
* IEEE 802.11i-2004: Amendment for Enhanced Security.
NEW QUESTION # 83
XYZ Company has decided to install an 802.11 WLAN system that will support 1083 wireless users, but they are concerned about network security. XYZ is interested in deploying standardized security features. In addition to WPA2-Enterprise with PEAP and role-based access control, XYZ would like to support management frame protection as well as a fast secure roaming protocol for future mobile handsets.
As XYZ Company selects a product to deploy, what two IEEE amendments, which are included in
802.11-2016, and 802.11-2020 should be supported to provide the management frame protection and fast secure roaming security features?
- A. 802.11r and 802.11w
- B. 802.11k and 802.11v
- C. 802.11j and 802.11k
- D. 802.11j and 802.11z
Answer: A
Explanation:
The two IEEE amendments that should be supported to provide the management frame protection and fast secure roaming security features are 802.11r and 802.11w12.
* 802.11r (Fast BSS Transition): This amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard permits continuous connectivity aboard wireless devices in motion, with fast and secure client transitions from one Basic Service Set to another1.
* 802.11w (Management Frame Protection): This amendment increases the security of its management frames2.
NEW QUESTION # 84
What ID is typically mapped to an AP's MAC address if a single BSS is implemented?
- A. BSSID
- B. VLAN ID
- C. SSID
- D. Device ID
Answer: A
Explanation:
The BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier) is typically mapped to an AP's MAC address if a single BSS is implemented. The BSSID is a unique identifier that distinguishes one BSS from another within the same RF medium. It is usually derived from the MAC address of the AP's radio interface, but it can also be manually configured or randomly generated by some vendors. The BSSID is used by client stations to associate with an AP and to send and receive frames within a BSS. References: , Chapter 1, page 24; , Section 1.2
NEW QUESTION # 85
ABC Company is planning to install a new 802.11ac WLAN, but wants to upgrade its wired infrastructure first to provide the best user experience possible. ABC Company has hired you to perform the RF site survey.
During the interview with the network manager, you are told that the new Ethernet edge switches will support VoIP phones and 802.11 access points, both using 802.3 PoE.
After hearing this information, what immediate concerns do you note?
- A. If the switches are in optimal locations for VoIP phones, they are likely to be suboptimal locations for
802.11 APs - B. VoIP phones and 802.11 access points should not be powered by the same edge switch due to distortion.
- C. The edge Ethernet switches should support Ether-channel to get the best results out of the network.
- D. The power budget in the edge switches must be carefully planned and monitored based on the number of supported PoE devices.
Answer: D
Explanation:
An immediate concern that you note after hearing this information is that the power budget in the edge switches must be carefully planned and monitored based on the number of supported PoE devices. PoE stands for Power over Ethernet and is a technology that allows Ethernet switches to deliver power along with data to devices such as VoIP phones and 802.11 access points. PoE devices are classified into different classes based on their power consumption and output. The edge switches have a limited power budget that determines how many PoE devices they can support simultaneously. If the power budget is exceeded, some PoE devices may not receive enough power or may shut down unexpectedly. Therefore, it is important to plan and monitor the power budget in the edge switches based on the number and class of PoE devices connected to them. Using Ether-channel, placing switches in optimal locations, or avoiding distortion are not immediate concerns related to PoE devices. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide:
Exam CWNA-109], page 234; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide:
Exam CWNA-109], page 224.
NEW QUESTION # 86
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